08-23-2009, 07:45 AM
Just as important as the late-Sixties zeitgeist in shaping the 1971 Ford Mustang were the personalities of short-time Ford president Bunkie Knudsen and designer Larry Shinoda, the GM guys who shocked the industry by jumping ship in 1968. Both loved hot cars, but while the expansive fourth-generation certainly reflected that, it was also something of an ego trip.
A convertible mockup from 1969 is very close to the '71 ragtop in showrooms, but the crosshair grille was rejected.
Knudsen went to Ford after being passed over as GM president, a key reason he accepted the Dearborn job from chairman Henry Ford II. It's therefore reasonable to assume that Knudsen was determined to show by his labors at Ford that GM had made the wrong choice. Also, like his new Dearborn rival, Lee Iacocca, Knudsen knew a thing or two about automobiles and how to sell them. He was arguably even more a "car guy" than the jilted Iacocca, though Shinoda shaded them both.
In any case, Knudsen wasted little time in looking over Ford's near-term product plans, especially those involving icon models like Mustang. The key thing is, he did so with full knowledge of what General Motors was planning for those same future years. Knudsen's management skills were beyond doubt -- after all, he'd come to Ford after doing a bang-up job as general manager at Chevrolet -- but his insider knowledge of GM's plans gave Ford a golden opportunity to outdo its crosstown foe.
The taillamps from the 1969 mockup were also rejected for the 1971 production model, but the wheel design would be preserved for optional wheel covers.
Indeed, one suspects this loomed large for HFII in offering the president's post to Bunkie instead of Iacocca. As a result, Knudsen wielded unusually heavy influence for an outsider. Sure, he had his own opinions, but they were informed by what the competition was planning, so Ford listened when Bunkie talked. We can also be pretty sure that Ford (and GM as well) had a good idea of what Chrysler would be doing around the turn of the decade. (When it comes to spies, the CIA has nothing on Detroit.)
Marketer Machinations
A final factor in shaping the '71 Mustang was Ford's vaunted marketing department, ever a powerful influence on company decision-makers.
After analyzing sales trends, customer comments, intelligence reports, and other piles of data, product planners concluded the next Mustang, to use Mustang historian Gary Witzenburg's words, "would have to be bigger…longer wheebase, wider treads, beefier chassis, suspension, driveline, and brakes, and larger wheel openings to take the bigger tires. At the same time, it would have to be quieter, roomier, more comfortable, [softer-riding], and more luxurious to satisfy the other end of the market. Of the so-called 'three faces of Mustang,' the profits were clearly generated by the luxury face as much as the macho face, and the expectations of small luxo-car buyers were also increasing every year."
The 1971 models, including the Mach 1 fastback shown here in prototype form, were informed by insider knowledge of GM's product line.
All perfectly logical, but how to pull it off? Witzenburg quotes Ford design chief Eugene Bordinat on that very topic:
"You [always] run into the problem…of how to make the car all things to all people, and I think that over time, the greatest fights we had with the Mustang were to keep the compromise package. The product planner's idea of how to increase the sales volume of a car is to make it accommodate more people and to add creature comforts. But the minute you begin to fool with compromises in that sort of package, guess what? You end up with a two-door sedan. And then they wouldn't understand why it didn't look quite the same, and you have to explain that you...can't make [one car] serve two masters."
Through it all, there were plenty of false starts on the design of the next model.
Designing the 1971 Ford Mustang
There was intense debate within the corporate ranks about the design direction for the 1971 Ford Mustang. One camp favored a continuation of Mustang's sporty personality. Another argued for greater size and more luxury appointments. Design executive Gale Halderman and his Ford Studio designers tried to satisfy both sides.
1971 Ford Mustang Grande hardtop
A Grande hardtop, shown in January 1970, was among the Mustang models
that Bunkie Knudsen approved for 1971.
They began work around May 1967, just as the '69 Mustang was wrapping up. Once more, they immediately thought big. "The first clays looked monstrous," Mustang historian Gary Witzenburg notes. "And they were ugly!" Though the long-hood/short-deck profile remained a given, most workouts through the fall of '67 were visually massive and awkward, with puffy lower-body contours, high beltlines, thick rear roof quarters, pouty Thunderbird-like noses with massive bumper/grilles, and willy-nilly sculptures and humps.
Evidently, designers still felt management wanted some T-Bird "influence" in the Mustang, but they now tried to marry that with "performance" cues like Shelby-style scoops and pop-open gas caps. For all the false starts and misdirection, several early ideas would survive to the showroom, such as a simple, straight character line high on the body sides and, for the hardtop, a "flying buttress" rear roofline with upright "tunneled" backlight, perhaps prompted by intelligence on '68 Dodge Charger styling.
1971 Ford Mustang Grande hardtop
By the time the 1971 Mustangs went on sale in August 1970,
crisp creases had replaced flabby designs.
Fortunately, designers stripped away most of the flab by autumn, opting for crisp creases, swoopy fender shapes, and kicked-up "ducktails." More protruding fronts were tried, but also flat faces, and trapezoidal nose shapes were favored for a time. As usual, there were many experiments with dual, quad, and hidden headlamps, plus "floating" grilles and -- as a new signature for the fastback -- a set of vertical air slots just behind the door.
For a time, the fastback was also planned for a "tunnelback" roof, with and without rear-quarter windows. By mid-January 1968, the fastback had acquired a sharp beltline kickup aft of the doors and an almost flat roofline with a near-horizontal rear window. When Knudsen came to power a few weeks later, he took one look at this fiberglass model and looked no more.
As designer Gale Halderman related: "He approved that '71 right in the studio. We asked if he didn't want to take it outside…and he said, 'No, I like it right here.' We said, 'Well, there are a couple more being done, wouldn't you prefer to wait and see how they turn out?' He said, 'No, I like this one.' We had never had approvals like that before."
1971 Ford Mustang SportRoof fastback
The SportRoof fastback was also among the 1971 Mustang models.
Even so, designers worked up several alternatives in full-size drawings during April even as Knudsen's choice was being production-engineered with an eye to cost and feasibility. The car was more or less finished by mid-June, but tinkering with grille inserts, taillamps, trim, and other minor stuff continued for another year.
When Carroll Shelby decided to leave the car business in 1969, management briefly considered a "Cobra" version of the '71 to replace the Shelby-Mustang. Based on the hardtop, not the fastback, it ended up looking aggressive but contrived. We might be glad it went no further.
The 1971 Ford Mustang
The redesigned Mustangs in showrooms for 1971 reprised base and Grande hardtops, a convertible, and Sportsroof fastbacks in regular and Mach 1 trim, plus a new Boss 351 version. Stylists didn't try to hide the expanded dimensions that Ford president Bunkie Knudsen and his product planners ordained. If anything, the new look seemed to emphasize the sudden growth spurt.
Though wheelbase was stretched just an inch to 109 inches, overall length tacked on 2.1 inches to 189.5. More significant was a near three-inch gain in overall width, to 74.1 inches, matched by broader front/rear tracks of 61.5/61.0 inches. Height was fractionally reduced to 50.1 inches on SportsRoofs, 50.8 on other models.
Though each of these changes was hardly colossal in itself, they collectively helped fatten the '71 Mustangs by some 500-600 pounds over comparable 1970s, with the heaviest models flattening the scales at over 1.5 tons. All very different from the lithe compact Ford started with just seven years before, which author Brad Bowling pointed out was some seven inches shorter and narrower, plus a good deal lighter.
If the '71s were heavier by design, at least they were quite tasteful per Mustang tradition. All models wore a higher beltline swept up behind the door, rounded body sides relieved by a simple half-length crease line, and neatly cropped tails with the trademark triple taillamps, albeit squashed a bit and rounded at the corners. Bumpers were slim U-shaped beams snugged close to the body. Grilles were blunted and full-width, with a dual-beam headlamp at each end.
Base models and the Grande capped hoods and fenders with a bright inverted-U molding curved down to meet the bumper ends as a sort of frame. Within the grille was a bright, broad rectangle bisected by a chrome horizontal bar carrying a corralled running horse -- back after a two-year absence.
The Mach 1 and Boss 351 had their own face, with a black, honeycomb-texture grille insert, a small "pony tricolor" emblem in the middle, and flanking "sportlamps" -- amber running lights wired in with the headlamps.
All models wore more steeply angled windshields, and hoods were extended back over the cowl to hide the windshield wipers, a dubious GM idea doubtless decreed by Knudsen and designer Larry Shinoda, both of whom had defected to Ford from GM with knowledge of the General's upcoming product line.
Hardtops wore bulkier "buttressed" rear-roof quarters and shared a higher rear deck with convertibles. Luggage space, however, actually decreased to 8.1 cubic feet on those body styles. Exterior door handles shifted from pushbutton grips to a flush-mount pull-up style. Grande retained a standard vinyl roof covering (available in five colors), twin "racing" mirrors keyed to body paint, bright wheel-lip and rocker moldings, and body side pinstripes. Convertibles were upgraded to a standard power top with glass rear window and color-keyed boot, plus tinted windshield.
1971 Ford Mustang convertible
A convertible was offered in 1971, but ragtops were falling out of favor
and only 6121 were built.
The Mach 1 borrowed another contemporary GM styling gimmick: a front bumper covered in body-color polyurethane plastic (with matching upper grille frame). Though not as "squashable" as the similar Endura-covered noses of recent Pontiacs, the plastic wrap did ward off dings while lending a purposeful look appropriate for the model.
Mach 1s also carried an angled chin spoiler; domed hood; honeycomb back-panel appliqué; bold body side tape stripes in black or argent (silver); and contrasting perimeter lower-body paint, again black or argent depending on main paint color. A freestanding Boss 302-type rear spoiler was available. A double-dome hood with simulated air scoops was a no-charge option. The scoops were functional when ordered with one of the top-power engines.
GM cues were evident inside the new Mustang as well.
1971 Ford Mustang: Interior and Options
Like some of its exterior styling cues, the cabin of the redesigned 1971 Ford Mustang seemed to have been influenced by General Motors design cues of the day.
This was evident in a new reverse-angle instrument panel. Like recent Chevy Camaro dashboards, it had three large rounds ahead of the driver and a central "stack" housing radio, climate controls, air vents, and optional oil pressure, coolant-temp, and ammeter gauges. For price competitiveness, the Mach 1 "Sports" interior became a $130 option that was also available for other Mustangs (except the Boss model, where it was included). This option included woven-vinyl seat inserts, the problematic "Rim-Blow" steering wheel, molded door panels with front armrests, clock, and bright pedal trim.
1971 Ford Mustang interior
The three large round openings in the dashboard show the influence
of the Chevy Camaro on the 1971 Mustang.
The 1971 Ford Mustang Grande version came with many of these items but retained vinyl/Lambeth-cloth upholstery. The base interior was fairly plain despite including full carpeting and a new mini floorshift console. Standard lap and shoulder belts returned, but new "Uni-Lock" buckles allowed linking the upper webs to the lap belts for cinching as a unit, a convenience that presumably encouraged seatbelt use.
Another new safety feature was required by Washington: a longitudinal steel beam in each door to absorb side-impact energy. It proved its worth when the occupants of a '71 Mustang prototype emerged unscathed after being broadsided by another car during a public-road shakedown run. Chief program engineer Howard Freers was pleased that this "actual test" confirmed "all the lab testing done by body engineering."
Colorful New Options
The 1971 Ford Mustang offered several new options. Leading the list were power windows, electric rear-window defroster ($48), and a good-sounding AM/FM stereo radio (a stiff $214, but worth it). A vinyl roof option was added for fastbacks but was aesthetically debatable. Ford got into hot "Grabber" paint colors for several of its '71 model lines. Mustang listed a vivid blue, green, yellow, and lime under that name, plus a dozen more-conventional hues. Interiors were color-keyed in black, white, green, blue, red, and ginger.
1971 Ford Mustang logo
Interior color schemes matched exterior paint jobs on '71s,
but the logo, as always, was red, white, and blue.
After several years of wooing customers with extended warranties, the Big Three called a truce to save themselves some money. Ford's coverage reverted from one-year/unlimited miles to the traditional 12 months/12,000 miles. To make money, Ford began the model year by hiking prices five percent across the board, then adjusted some models in early October to account for equipment changes and competitors' moves.
When the dust settled, six-cylinder models started at $2911 for a hardtop, $2973 for a SportsRoof, $3227 for a convertible, and $3117 for a Grande. A two-barrel ("2V") 302 V-8 added $95 in each case.
Another option was the performance-oriented Mach 1 package.
The 1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1 was not what it was in 1970 guise. First, base price went up a sizable $200 to $3268, and that bought only a standard 302-cubic-inch V-8, not a 351. Worse, retuning for this year's stricter emissions standards robbed the 302 of 10 horses, leaving it at 210 horsepower on unchanged 9.0:1 compression.
1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1
The Mach 1 had less power for 1971 but looked meaner, with standard chin
spoiler and hood scoops, and optional two-tone hood paint.
Yes, 351s were still available for the Mach 1 and other versions of the 1971 Ford Mustang: a 240-horsepower two-barrel ($45) and a 275-horsepower four-barrel ($93). With vehicle weights up so much, the base 200-cubic-inch six was sensibly scratched, leaving the torquier 250, though it, too, lost 10 horses, dwindling to 145.
At the top end of Mach 1 performance was again Mustang's big-block V-8. That engine was now a 429 -- which raised a few eyebrows -- but it wasn't the exotic semi-hemi of 1969-70. While this new Cobra Jet mill did have the same cylinder dimensions as the semi-hemi, it was essentially a short-stroke version of the Thunderbird/Lincoln 460-cubic-inch V-8, with wedge-type combustion chambers and conventional construction.
The 429 began the model year in regular (CJ) and ram-air (CJ-R) versions. Both had four-barrel carburetors, hydraulic lifters, and a nominal 370 horsepower, though most observers thought the cold-air ducting put the CJ-R at 380-385 horsepower. A solid-lifter Super Cobra Jet (SCJ) arrived a few weeks later at 375 horsepower, again with or without ram-air.
All 429s could be ordered with 3.91 and 4.11:1 rear axles, but the SCJ required those ratios and the optional Drag Pack with locking differential. None of these brutes was inexpensive at $372-$493, which likely explains why initial orders were so weak -- and why Ford decided to drop all three by midseason. Most probably went into Mach 1s, though they were technically available for any '71 Mustang.
1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1
A rear spoiler and Magnum 500 wheels were also optional.
According to Mustang chief program engineer Howard Freers, the 429 with its canted-valve heads "was a much wider engine than the 428, and that's why the car got wider" -- ironic in view of the engine's short tenure. "It took a [wider track] to get those monsters in there." But engineers took advantage of that to optimize handling for all models, which was "a major problem objective," Freers recalled. "I think we [improved] it…on the base model as well as the big-engine jobs." A key decision was fitting staggered rear shocks with any 351 or 429 engine.
The chassis wizards also recalibrated the base suspension to suit the bigger, heavier '71 package, revamped front-end geometry, and redesigned the steering gear. Cars with the comp suspension got variable-ratio power steering, allegedly borrowed from GM. Its chief advantage was needing fewer turns lock-to-lock, appreciated on fast, twisty roads.
1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1
The 351-cubic-inch engine was an upgrade from the base 302; racing-style
twist locks were standard equipment on all Mach 1s in 1971.
A 429 Mach 1 was among the 1971 Mustangs that Chuck Koch tested for a January 1971 Motor Trend review. It did 6.5 seconds 0-60 mph, 13.8 at 104 in the quarter mile, topped out at nearly 114 mph and averaged just 9-10 mpg on premium gas.
By comparison, Motor Trend's test 1971 Mustang 302 hardtop posted 9.9 seconds 0-60 mph and 17.5 seconds at 78 mph in the quarter-mile. Top speed was 86 mph with the standard 2.79:1 axle. Fuel economy was 15.2-17.1 mpg on regular fuel.
The Boss 351 made most of the Mach 1 package standard -- and then added some options of its own.
The 1971 Ford Mustang Boss 351 listed at $4101 on its belated debut at the November 1970 Detroit Auto Show. Save model badging and a chrome front bumper, it looked much like the 1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1.
1971 Ford Mustang Boss 351
Though less fiery than the Boss models it replaced, the Boss 351 fastback
was the quickest, most roadable '71 in the Mustang stable.
Indeed, it could have been badged "Mach 2," as many of its standard performance goodies were available for the more affordable Mach 1. For example, though both included the stiff competition suspension, the Boss came with F60-15 tires instead of E70-14s, plus power front-disc brakes ($70 otherwise), wide-ratio four-speed gearbox with Hurst linkage, 3.91:1 Traction-Lok axle ($48), functional hood scoops, dual exhausts, heavy-duty battery and cooling system, rear spoiler, electronic rev limiter, and gauge package.
The significant difference was the Boss 351's very special engine, an exclusive High-Output (HO) 351 Cleveland with four-barrel (4V) carb, soaring 11.0:1 compression and 330 horsepower.
1971 Ford Mustang Boss 351 V-8 engine
A special High-Output 351 V-8 with premium internals delivered a solid 330 bhp through a four-speed manual gearbox with Hurst shifter.
Touted by Dearborn as "the best all-around performer in Ford production-car history," the new Boss was the fastest of the '71 breed -- and the most roadable right out of the box. Chuck Koch, who tested a trio of Mustangs for a January 1971 Motor Trend review, clocked the Boss at 5.8 seconds 0-60 mph, with a standing quarter-mile of 13.8 seconds at 104 mph. By contrast, a 429 Mach 1 took 6.5 seconds and did the quarter in 14.5 at 96.8 mph, though it might have been hampered a bit by its Cruise-O-Matic.
Car and Driver had lots of good things to say about the Boss 351 in a February 1971 road test. For starters, the "HO engine performs admirably…. It produces a generous quantity of power for its size and yet is remarkably tractable and docile." C/D explained this by waxing poetic about premium internal features like Boss 302-type "staggered valves the size of manhole covers and ports like laundry chutes. It makes the [Camaro's] Z-28 look like a gas-mileage motor.... [C]amshaft lobes lift the Boss' valves to rare heights for a street engine. In fact, only registered extremists like the L88 and aluminum-block ZL-1 Chevys have more valve lift than the Boss 351 engine." Topping it off was "a 750-cubic-feet-per-minute Autolite carburetor the size of an electric typewriter."
C/D judged the variable-ratio power steering as "not particularly quick on center" but "remarkably precise -- certainly as good as the best from Detroit -- and small steering corrections can be easily and accurately made."
1971 Ford Mustang Boss 351
Alas, hot-car demand was waning fast, and Ford fired this Boss
at midseason after building only 1806.
But the editors had "serious doubts about the suspension. The car just doesn't handle well enough to be worth the punishing ride. It feels like all of the suspending was done by short lengths of oak two-by-fours…. [S]tylists should share part of the blame…. They demanded a low car, which means the engineers had very little room for suspension travel. Consequently, the spring rates had to be very stiff to avoid bottoming out. The Boss has what feels like cement springs, but it still bottoms readily--a situation that deals your hind end a healthy whack."
On the other hand, "it doesn't roll much and it will generate high cornering forces in situations where you can use plenty of power to keep the tail out. Without power it under steers fiercely.… [And if] the space available is really tight, [the driver] dare not apply power suddenly because the car will under steer even more. We prefer something with more nearly neutral-steer characteristics like the Firebird Trans-Am."
Criticism of the 1971 Ford Mustang
The most controversial design element of the 1971 Ford Mustang was the racy fastback styling that had so fast captivated Ford president Bunkie Knudsen.
1971 Ford Mustang SportRoof fastback
Poor visibility, particularly out of the fastback's rear window,
was a common criticism.
While conceding it "generally attractive," Car and Driver thought it "sabotaged" the car in a number of ways. "It's like sitting in a bunker. You can hardly see out. The windows are gun slits, the beltline comes up almost to your chin, and the nearly horizontal rear deck and wide roof pillars block off all but a shallow field of vision directly to the rear…. The long, level front fenders and the bulged-up hood block off an enormous area immediately in front of the car, and right turns, particularly those onto a section of road that falls away, are virtually blind."
In addition, the editors criticized the instrument panel as "a triumph of symmetry over function. [Main gauges] are well located…but other small gauges are so low in the center of the panel as to be well out of the driver's line of sight. Even worse are the heater controls…just above the tunnel…. To perform any adjustments, you have to lean well forward from the normal driving position -- a move which is entirely unnecessary."
Lest you think Car and Driver was unusually critical, rival Car Life had similar issues with the SportsRoof. "[The '71 fastback] is actually a flat back. The roof angle is only fourteen degrees. The rear window would make a good skylight. A glance in the rearview mirror provides an excellent view of the interior with a small band of road visible…." Dragstrip-oriented Cars magazine allowed that "you do become used to this after awhile," but complained that, exterior dimensions considered, "there isn't that much interior space. A big guy can get awfully cramped behind the wheel, even with the bucket [seat] in its rearmost position."
In fairness to Ford as a whole, and maybe Knudsen in particular, almost no one in those days bought a pony car for passenger room, trunk space, fuel thrift, or even visibility. Style and performance were usually all that mattered, and the '71 Mustangs offered those in abundance. Besides, if you couldn't come to terms with the SportsRoof environment, you could always opt for a hardtop or convertible that might accommodate you much better.
1971 Ford Mustang dashboard
One critic called the dashboard "a triumph of symmetry over function", though by 1973 this optional Instrumentation Group made things a bit better.
Indeed, Motor Trend's lanky Chuck Koch judged his test 302 hardtop just fine "creature-comfort-wise," though he did think the driving position could be improved. "It would be as simple as offering a telescopic steering column, lowering the foot pedals and allowing for more seat travel." Koch also echoed C/D's gripe about needing overly long glances from the road to see controls and readouts in the center stack.
Reviewing all the road tests leaves little doubt that Ford's pony car had drifted far from its original concept, maybe too far. "While the Mustang is bigger than it has any business being, snorted Car and Driver, "it's certainly not the [aircraft carrier U.S.S.] Forrestal it would appear from the driver's seat. In reality, it's about the same size as the Camaro -- 1.5 inches longer and slightly narrower. [But] at least half our disenchantment…is based on poor visibility and an optical illusion of size…. Logically, the Boss 351 should be an American equivalent to Europe's high-performance GT cars…but lacking the feeling of lightness and agility as it does, it's not even close."
Koch provided a more balanced perspective, and maybe a more helpful one, in summing up Motor Trend's comparison test: "When considering the price and relativity of these three cars, you have to admit that, as much fun as the performance Mustangs are to drive, the plain hardtop with its 302-2V engine is the best buy. It exemplifies what Ford started out to do in 1964 with the first Mustang: build an inexpensive car that is still stylish and pleasing to drive."
The critics were on to something, as public tastes dictated several running changes during 1971.
1971 Ford Mustang Changes and Sales
Running changes (updates made during a model year for various reasons) would become a vexing Detroit routine in the Seventies, and the Ford Mustang saw several before closing the '71 campaign.
Besides dropping big-block options, Ford fired the Boss 351 high-performance model around midseason. Sales were only 1806 to that point, evidently too few to satisfy Dearborn bean-counters. But then in April came a pretender of sorts, a "Sports Coupe" hardtop decked out like the Boss and Mach with a similar grille, twin-scoop hood, striping, and color-keyed front bumper, all for just $97 extra.
1971 Ford Sports Hardtop
Hoping to spur lagging Mustang
sales, Ford added a "Sports Coupe"
in 1971 with Boss/Mach 1 styling.
"This may have sold a few cheap hardtops," Mustang historian Gary Witzenburg huffed, "but it was also one more nail in the real high-performance Mustang's coffin." Exact production is unknown, but many experts estimate 500 -- not exactly a barn burner.
Another telling sign of the times appeared in May with a so-called "351 CJ" option. This was basically the HO V-8 with hydraulic instead of mechanical lifters, plus compression drastically lowered to 8.6:1 for knock-free running on the low-lead and unleaded gasoline then coming on the scene -- another response to government emissions standards. Even so, horsepower checked in at a respectable 280, channeled to a mandatory 3.50:1 rear axle through automatic or four-speed transmission. The competition suspension was a mandatory option.
In retrospect, the '71 Mustang probably deserved the bad press it got, but that's only because buyers had moved on in ways that no one could have predicted in 1968. Ford showed far better timing with its compact Maverick, which rang up close to 579,000 sales in a long debut model year and nearly 272,000 more for sophomore '71.
Mustang, meantime, again suffered right along with its peers, model-year sales dropping nearly 21.5 percent from 1970 to 149,678 units. Hardtops plunged to around 83,000, the convertible sank to a bit over 6000, and fastbacks did about 60,000, of which Mach 1 accounted for a healthy 36,500. At least Ford could still truthfully advertise Mustang as the most popular car of its type, as the archrival Chevy Camaro finished a distant second with 114,630 model-year sales, though admittedly with just coupes.
But Ford had little choice but to keep plugging away on the newly redesigned model.
by the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide
Consumer Guide
A convertible mockup from 1969 is very close to the '71 ragtop in showrooms, but the crosshair grille was rejected.
Knudsen went to Ford after being passed over as GM president, a key reason he accepted the Dearborn job from chairman Henry Ford II. It's therefore reasonable to assume that Knudsen was determined to show by his labors at Ford that GM had made the wrong choice. Also, like his new Dearborn rival, Lee Iacocca, Knudsen knew a thing or two about automobiles and how to sell them. He was arguably even more a "car guy" than the jilted Iacocca, though Shinoda shaded them both.
In any case, Knudsen wasted little time in looking over Ford's near-term product plans, especially those involving icon models like Mustang. The key thing is, he did so with full knowledge of what General Motors was planning for those same future years. Knudsen's management skills were beyond doubt -- after all, he'd come to Ford after doing a bang-up job as general manager at Chevrolet -- but his insider knowledge of GM's plans gave Ford a golden opportunity to outdo its crosstown foe.
The taillamps from the 1969 mockup were also rejected for the 1971 production model, but the wheel design would be preserved for optional wheel covers.
Indeed, one suspects this loomed large for HFII in offering the president's post to Bunkie instead of Iacocca. As a result, Knudsen wielded unusually heavy influence for an outsider. Sure, he had his own opinions, but they were informed by what the competition was planning, so Ford listened when Bunkie talked. We can also be pretty sure that Ford (and GM as well) had a good idea of what Chrysler would be doing around the turn of the decade. (When it comes to spies, the CIA has nothing on Detroit.)
Marketer Machinations
A final factor in shaping the '71 Mustang was Ford's vaunted marketing department, ever a powerful influence on company decision-makers.
After analyzing sales trends, customer comments, intelligence reports, and other piles of data, product planners concluded the next Mustang, to use Mustang historian Gary Witzenburg's words, "would have to be bigger…longer wheebase, wider treads, beefier chassis, suspension, driveline, and brakes, and larger wheel openings to take the bigger tires. At the same time, it would have to be quieter, roomier, more comfortable, [softer-riding], and more luxurious to satisfy the other end of the market. Of the so-called 'three faces of Mustang,' the profits were clearly generated by the luxury face as much as the macho face, and the expectations of small luxo-car buyers were also increasing every year."
The 1971 models, including the Mach 1 fastback shown here in prototype form, were informed by insider knowledge of GM's product line.
All perfectly logical, but how to pull it off? Witzenburg quotes Ford design chief Eugene Bordinat on that very topic:
"You [always] run into the problem…of how to make the car all things to all people, and I think that over time, the greatest fights we had with the Mustang were to keep the compromise package. The product planner's idea of how to increase the sales volume of a car is to make it accommodate more people and to add creature comforts. But the minute you begin to fool with compromises in that sort of package, guess what? You end up with a two-door sedan. And then they wouldn't understand why it didn't look quite the same, and you have to explain that you...can't make [one car] serve two masters."
Through it all, there were plenty of false starts on the design of the next model.
Designing the 1971 Ford Mustang
There was intense debate within the corporate ranks about the design direction for the 1971 Ford Mustang. One camp favored a continuation of Mustang's sporty personality. Another argued for greater size and more luxury appointments. Design executive Gale Halderman and his Ford Studio designers tried to satisfy both sides.
1971 Ford Mustang Grande hardtop
A Grande hardtop, shown in January 1970, was among the Mustang models
that Bunkie Knudsen approved for 1971.
They began work around May 1967, just as the '69 Mustang was wrapping up. Once more, they immediately thought big. "The first clays looked monstrous," Mustang historian Gary Witzenburg notes. "And they were ugly!" Though the long-hood/short-deck profile remained a given, most workouts through the fall of '67 were visually massive and awkward, with puffy lower-body contours, high beltlines, thick rear roof quarters, pouty Thunderbird-like noses with massive bumper/grilles, and willy-nilly sculptures and humps.
Evidently, designers still felt management wanted some T-Bird "influence" in the Mustang, but they now tried to marry that with "performance" cues like Shelby-style scoops and pop-open gas caps. For all the false starts and misdirection, several early ideas would survive to the showroom, such as a simple, straight character line high on the body sides and, for the hardtop, a "flying buttress" rear roofline with upright "tunneled" backlight, perhaps prompted by intelligence on '68 Dodge Charger styling.
1971 Ford Mustang Grande hardtop
By the time the 1971 Mustangs went on sale in August 1970,
crisp creases had replaced flabby designs.
Fortunately, designers stripped away most of the flab by autumn, opting for crisp creases, swoopy fender shapes, and kicked-up "ducktails." More protruding fronts were tried, but also flat faces, and trapezoidal nose shapes were favored for a time. As usual, there were many experiments with dual, quad, and hidden headlamps, plus "floating" grilles and -- as a new signature for the fastback -- a set of vertical air slots just behind the door.
For a time, the fastback was also planned for a "tunnelback" roof, with and without rear-quarter windows. By mid-January 1968, the fastback had acquired a sharp beltline kickup aft of the doors and an almost flat roofline with a near-horizontal rear window. When Knudsen came to power a few weeks later, he took one look at this fiberglass model and looked no more.
As designer Gale Halderman related: "He approved that '71 right in the studio. We asked if he didn't want to take it outside…and he said, 'No, I like it right here.' We said, 'Well, there are a couple more being done, wouldn't you prefer to wait and see how they turn out?' He said, 'No, I like this one.' We had never had approvals like that before."
1971 Ford Mustang SportRoof fastback
The SportRoof fastback was also among the 1971 Mustang models.
Even so, designers worked up several alternatives in full-size drawings during April even as Knudsen's choice was being production-engineered with an eye to cost and feasibility. The car was more or less finished by mid-June, but tinkering with grille inserts, taillamps, trim, and other minor stuff continued for another year.
When Carroll Shelby decided to leave the car business in 1969, management briefly considered a "Cobra" version of the '71 to replace the Shelby-Mustang. Based on the hardtop, not the fastback, it ended up looking aggressive but contrived. We might be glad it went no further.
The 1971 Ford Mustang
The redesigned Mustangs in showrooms for 1971 reprised base and Grande hardtops, a convertible, and Sportsroof fastbacks in regular and Mach 1 trim, plus a new Boss 351 version. Stylists didn't try to hide the expanded dimensions that Ford president Bunkie Knudsen and his product planners ordained. If anything, the new look seemed to emphasize the sudden growth spurt.
Though wheelbase was stretched just an inch to 109 inches, overall length tacked on 2.1 inches to 189.5. More significant was a near three-inch gain in overall width, to 74.1 inches, matched by broader front/rear tracks of 61.5/61.0 inches. Height was fractionally reduced to 50.1 inches on SportsRoofs, 50.8 on other models.
Though each of these changes was hardly colossal in itself, they collectively helped fatten the '71 Mustangs by some 500-600 pounds over comparable 1970s, with the heaviest models flattening the scales at over 1.5 tons. All very different from the lithe compact Ford started with just seven years before, which author Brad Bowling pointed out was some seven inches shorter and narrower, plus a good deal lighter.
If the '71s were heavier by design, at least they were quite tasteful per Mustang tradition. All models wore a higher beltline swept up behind the door, rounded body sides relieved by a simple half-length crease line, and neatly cropped tails with the trademark triple taillamps, albeit squashed a bit and rounded at the corners. Bumpers were slim U-shaped beams snugged close to the body. Grilles were blunted and full-width, with a dual-beam headlamp at each end.
Base models and the Grande capped hoods and fenders with a bright inverted-U molding curved down to meet the bumper ends as a sort of frame. Within the grille was a bright, broad rectangle bisected by a chrome horizontal bar carrying a corralled running horse -- back after a two-year absence.
The Mach 1 and Boss 351 had their own face, with a black, honeycomb-texture grille insert, a small "pony tricolor" emblem in the middle, and flanking "sportlamps" -- amber running lights wired in with the headlamps.
All models wore more steeply angled windshields, and hoods were extended back over the cowl to hide the windshield wipers, a dubious GM idea doubtless decreed by Knudsen and designer Larry Shinoda, both of whom had defected to Ford from GM with knowledge of the General's upcoming product line.
Hardtops wore bulkier "buttressed" rear-roof quarters and shared a higher rear deck with convertibles. Luggage space, however, actually decreased to 8.1 cubic feet on those body styles. Exterior door handles shifted from pushbutton grips to a flush-mount pull-up style. Grande retained a standard vinyl roof covering (available in five colors), twin "racing" mirrors keyed to body paint, bright wheel-lip and rocker moldings, and body side pinstripes. Convertibles were upgraded to a standard power top with glass rear window and color-keyed boot, plus tinted windshield.
1971 Ford Mustang convertible
A convertible was offered in 1971, but ragtops were falling out of favor
and only 6121 were built.
The Mach 1 borrowed another contemporary GM styling gimmick: a front bumper covered in body-color polyurethane plastic (with matching upper grille frame). Though not as "squashable" as the similar Endura-covered noses of recent Pontiacs, the plastic wrap did ward off dings while lending a purposeful look appropriate for the model.
Mach 1s also carried an angled chin spoiler; domed hood; honeycomb back-panel appliqué; bold body side tape stripes in black or argent (silver); and contrasting perimeter lower-body paint, again black or argent depending on main paint color. A freestanding Boss 302-type rear spoiler was available. A double-dome hood with simulated air scoops was a no-charge option. The scoops were functional when ordered with one of the top-power engines.
GM cues were evident inside the new Mustang as well.
1971 Ford Mustang: Interior and Options
Like some of its exterior styling cues, the cabin of the redesigned 1971 Ford Mustang seemed to have been influenced by General Motors design cues of the day.
This was evident in a new reverse-angle instrument panel. Like recent Chevy Camaro dashboards, it had three large rounds ahead of the driver and a central "stack" housing radio, climate controls, air vents, and optional oil pressure, coolant-temp, and ammeter gauges. For price competitiveness, the Mach 1 "Sports" interior became a $130 option that was also available for other Mustangs (except the Boss model, where it was included). This option included woven-vinyl seat inserts, the problematic "Rim-Blow" steering wheel, molded door panels with front armrests, clock, and bright pedal trim.
1971 Ford Mustang interior
The three large round openings in the dashboard show the influence
of the Chevy Camaro on the 1971 Mustang.
The 1971 Ford Mustang Grande version came with many of these items but retained vinyl/Lambeth-cloth upholstery. The base interior was fairly plain despite including full carpeting and a new mini floorshift console. Standard lap and shoulder belts returned, but new "Uni-Lock" buckles allowed linking the upper webs to the lap belts for cinching as a unit, a convenience that presumably encouraged seatbelt use.
Another new safety feature was required by Washington: a longitudinal steel beam in each door to absorb side-impact energy. It proved its worth when the occupants of a '71 Mustang prototype emerged unscathed after being broadsided by another car during a public-road shakedown run. Chief program engineer Howard Freers was pleased that this "actual test" confirmed "all the lab testing done by body engineering."
Colorful New Options
The 1971 Ford Mustang offered several new options. Leading the list were power windows, electric rear-window defroster ($48), and a good-sounding AM/FM stereo radio (a stiff $214, but worth it). A vinyl roof option was added for fastbacks but was aesthetically debatable. Ford got into hot "Grabber" paint colors for several of its '71 model lines. Mustang listed a vivid blue, green, yellow, and lime under that name, plus a dozen more-conventional hues. Interiors were color-keyed in black, white, green, blue, red, and ginger.
1971 Ford Mustang logo
Interior color schemes matched exterior paint jobs on '71s,
but the logo, as always, was red, white, and blue.
After several years of wooing customers with extended warranties, the Big Three called a truce to save themselves some money. Ford's coverage reverted from one-year/unlimited miles to the traditional 12 months/12,000 miles. To make money, Ford began the model year by hiking prices five percent across the board, then adjusted some models in early October to account for equipment changes and competitors' moves.
When the dust settled, six-cylinder models started at $2911 for a hardtop, $2973 for a SportsRoof, $3227 for a convertible, and $3117 for a Grande. A two-barrel ("2V") 302 V-8 added $95 in each case.
Another option was the performance-oriented Mach 1 package.
The 1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1 was not what it was in 1970 guise. First, base price went up a sizable $200 to $3268, and that bought only a standard 302-cubic-inch V-8, not a 351. Worse, retuning for this year's stricter emissions standards robbed the 302 of 10 horses, leaving it at 210 horsepower on unchanged 9.0:1 compression.
1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1
The Mach 1 had less power for 1971 but looked meaner, with standard chin
spoiler and hood scoops, and optional two-tone hood paint.
Yes, 351s were still available for the Mach 1 and other versions of the 1971 Ford Mustang: a 240-horsepower two-barrel ($45) and a 275-horsepower four-barrel ($93). With vehicle weights up so much, the base 200-cubic-inch six was sensibly scratched, leaving the torquier 250, though it, too, lost 10 horses, dwindling to 145.
At the top end of Mach 1 performance was again Mustang's big-block V-8. That engine was now a 429 -- which raised a few eyebrows -- but it wasn't the exotic semi-hemi of 1969-70. While this new Cobra Jet mill did have the same cylinder dimensions as the semi-hemi, it was essentially a short-stroke version of the Thunderbird/Lincoln 460-cubic-inch V-8, with wedge-type combustion chambers and conventional construction.
The 429 began the model year in regular (CJ) and ram-air (CJ-R) versions. Both had four-barrel carburetors, hydraulic lifters, and a nominal 370 horsepower, though most observers thought the cold-air ducting put the CJ-R at 380-385 horsepower. A solid-lifter Super Cobra Jet (SCJ) arrived a few weeks later at 375 horsepower, again with or without ram-air.
All 429s could be ordered with 3.91 and 4.11:1 rear axles, but the SCJ required those ratios and the optional Drag Pack with locking differential. None of these brutes was inexpensive at $372-$493, which likely explains why initial orders were so weak -- and why Ford decided to drop all three by midseason. Most probably went into Mach 1s, though they were technically available for any '71 Mustang.
1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1
A rear spoiler and Magnum 500 wheels were also optional.
According to Mustang chief program engineer Howard Freers, the 429 with its canted-valve heads "was a much wider engine than the 428, and that's why the car got wider" -- ironic in view of the engine's short tenure. "It took a [wider track] to get those monsters in there." But engineers took advantage of that to optimize handling for all models, which was "a major problem objective," Freers recalled. "I think we [improved] it…on the base model as well as the big-engine jobs." A key decision was fitting staggered rear shocks with any 351 or 429 engine.
The chassis wizards also recalibrated the base suspension to suit the bigger, heavier '71 package, revamped front-end geometry, and redesigned the steering gear. Cars with the comp suspension got variable-ratio power steering, allegedly borrowed from GM. Its chief advantage was needing fewer turns lock-to-lock, appreciated on fast, twisty roads.
1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1
The 351-cubic-inch engine was an upgrade from the base 302; racing-style
twist locks were standard equipment on all Mach 1s in 1971.
A 429 Mach 1 was among the 1971 Mustangs that Chuck Koch tested for a January 1971 Motor Trend review. It did 6.5 seconds 0-60 mph, 13.8 at 104 in the quarter mile, topped out at nearly 114 mph and averaged just 9-10 mpg on premium gas.
By comparison, Motor Trend's test 1971 Mustang 302 hardtop posted 9.9 seconds 0-60 mph and 17.5 seconds at 78 mph in the quarter-mile. Top speed was 86 mph with the standard 2.79:1 axle. Fuel economy was 15.2-17.1 mpg on regular fuel.
The Boss 351 made most of the Mach 1 package standard -- and then added some options of its own.
The 1971 Ford Mustang Boss 351 listed at $4101 on its belated debut at the November 1970 Detroit Auto Show. Save model badging and a chrome front bumper, it looked much like the 1971 Ford Mustang Mach 1.
1971 Ford Mustang Boss 351
Though less fiery than the Boss models it replaced, the Boss 351 fastback
was the quickest, most roadable '71 in the Mustang stable.
Indeed, it could have been badged "Mach 2," as many of its standard performance goodies were available for the more affordable Mach 1. For example, though both included the stiff competition suspension, the Boss came with F60-15 tires instead of E70-14s, plus power front-disc brakes ($70 otherwise), wide-ratio four-speed gearbox with Hurst linkage, 3.91:1 Traction-Lok axle ($48), functional hood scoops, dual exhausts, heavy-duty battery and cooling system, rear spoiler, electronic rev limiter, and gauge package.
The significant difference was the Boss 351's very special engine, an exclusive High-Output (HO) 351 Cleveland with four-barrel (4V) carb, soaring 11.0:1 compression and 330 horsepower.
1971 Ford Mustang Boss 351 V-8 engine
A special High-Output 351 V-8 with premium internals delivered a solid 330 bhp through a four-speed manual gearbox with Hurst shifter.
Touted by Dearborn as "the best all-around performer in Ford production-car history," the new Boss was the fastest of the '71 breed -- and the most roadable right out of the box. Chuck Koch, who tested a trio of Mustangs for a January 1971 Motor Trend review, clocked the Boss at 5.8 seconds 0-60 mph, with a standing quarter-mile of 13.8 seconds at 104 mph. By contrast, a 429 Mach 1 took 6.5 seconds and did the quarter in 14.5 at 96.8 mph, though it might have been hampered a bit by its Cruise-O-Matic.
Car and Driver had lots of good things to say about the Boss 351 in a February 1971 road test. For starters, the "HO engine performs admirably…. It produces a generous quantity of power for its size and yet is remarkably tractable and docile." C/D explained this by waxing poetic about premium internal features like Boss 302-type "staggered valves the size of manhole covers and ports like laundry chutes. It makes the [Camaro's] Z-28 look like a gas-mileage motor.... [C]amshaft lobes lift the Boss' valves to rare heights for a street engine. In fact, only registered extremists like the L88 and aluminum-block ZL-1 Chevys have more valve lift than the Boss 351 engine." Topping it off was "a 750-cubic-feet-per-minute Autolite carburetor the size of an electric typewriter."
C/D judged the variable-ratio power steering as "not particularly quick on center" but "remarkably precise -- certainly as good as the best from Detroit -- and small steering corrections can be easily and accurately made."
1971 Ford Mustang Boss 351
Alas, hot-car demand was waning fast, and Ford fired this Boss
at midseason after building only 1806.
But the editors had "serious doubts about the suspension. The car just doesn't handle well enough to be worth the punishing ride. It feels like all of the suspending was done by short lengths of oak two-by-fours…. [S]tylists should share part of the blame…. They demanded a low car, which means the engineers had very little room for suspension travel. Consequently, the spring rates had to be very stiff to avoid bottoming out. The Boss has what feels like cement springs, but it still bottoms readily--a situation that deals your hind end a healthy whack."
On the other hand, "it doesn't roll much and it will generate high cornering forces in situations where you can use plenty of power to keep the tail out. Without power it under steers fiercely.… [And if] the space available is really tight, [the driver] dare not apply power suddenly because the car will under steer even more. We prefer something with more nearly neutral-steer characteristics like the Firebird Trans-Am."
Criticism of the 1971 Ford Mustang
The most controversial design element of the 1971 Ford Mustang was the racy fastback styling that had so fast captivated Ford president Bunkie Knudsen.
1971 Ford Mustang SportRoof fastback
Poor visibility, particularly out of the fastback's rear window,
was a common criticism.
While conceding it "generally attractive," Car and Driver thought it "sabotaged" the car in a number of ways. "It's like sitting in a bunker. You can hardly see out. The windows are gun slits, the beltline comes up almost to your chin, and the nearly horizontal rear deck and wide roof pillars block off all but a shallow field of vision directly to the rear…. The long, level front fenders and the bulged-up hood block off an enormous area immediately in front of the car, and right turns, particularly those onto a section of road that falls away, are virtually blind."
In addition, the editors criticized the instrument panel as "a triumph of symmetry over function. [Main gauges] are well located…but other small gauges are so low in the center of the panel as to be well out of the driver's line of sight. Even worse are the heater controls…just above the tunnel…. To perform any adjustments, you have to lean well forward from the normal driving position -- a move which is entirely unnecessary."
Lest you think Car and Driver was unusually critical, rival Car Life had similar issues with the SportsRoof. "[The '71 fastback] is actually a flat back. The roof angle is only fourteen degrees. The rear window would make a good skylight. A glance in the rearview mirror provides an excellent view of the interior with a small band of road visible…." Dragstrip-oriented Cars magazine allowed that "you do become used to this after awhile," but complained that, exterior dimensions considered, "there isn't that much interior space. A big guy can get awfully cramped behind the wheel, even with the bucket [seat] in its rearmost position."
In fairness to Ford as a whole, and maybe Knudsen in particular, almost no one in those days bought a pony car for passenger room, trunk space, fuel thrift, or even visibility. Style and performance were usually all that mattered, and the '71 Mustangs offered those in abundance. Besides, if you couldn't come to terms with the SportsRoof environment, you could always opt for a hardtop or convertible that might accommodate you much better.
1971 Ford Mustang dashboard
One critic called the dashboard "a triumph of symmetry over function", though by 1973 this optional Instrumentation Group made things a bit better.
Indeed, Motor Trend's lanky Chuck Koch judged his test 302 hardtop just fine "creature-comfort-wise," though he did think the driving position could be improved. "It would be as simple as offering a telescopic steering column, lowering the foot pedals and allowing for more seat travel." Koch also echoed C/D's gripe about needing overly long glances from the road to see controls and readouts in the center stack.
Reviewing all the road tests leaves little doubt that Ford's pony car had drifted far from its original concept, maybe too far. "While the Mustang is bigger than it has any business being, snorted Car and Driver, "it's certainly not the [aircraft carrier U.S.S.] Forrestal it would appear from the driver's seat. In reality, it's about the same size as the Camaro -- 1.5 inches longer and slightly narrower. [But] at least half our disenchantment…is based on poor visibility and an optical illusion of size…. Logically, the Boss 351 should be an American equivalent to Europe's high-performance GT cars…but lacking the feeling of lightness and agility as it does, it's not even close."
Koch provided a more balanced perspective, and maybe a more helpful one, in summing up Motor Trend's comparison test: "When considering the price and relativity of these three cars, you have to admit that, as much fun as the performance Mustangs are to drive, the plain hardtop with its 302-2V engine is the best buy. It exemplifies what Ford started out to do in 1964 with the first Mustang: build an inexpensive car that is still stylish and pleasing to drive."
The critics were on to something, as public tastes dictated several running changes during 1971.
1971 Ford Mustang Changes and Sales
Running changes (updates made during a model year for various reasons) would become a vexing Detroit routine in the Seventies, and the Ford Mustang saw several before closing the '71 campaign.
Besides dropping big-block options, Ford fired the Boss 351 high-performance model around midseason. Sales were only 1806 to that point, evidently too few to satisfy Dearborn bean-counters. But then in April came a pretender of sorts, a "Sports Coupe" hardtop decked out like the Boss and Mach with a similar grille, twin-scoop hood, striping, and color-keyed front bumper, all for just $97 extra.
1971 Ford Sports Hardtop
Hoping to spur lagging Mustang
sales, Ford added a "Sports Coupe"
in 1971 with Boss/Mach 1 styling.
"This may have sold a few cheap hardtops," Mustang historian Gary Witzenburg huffed, "but it was also one more nail in the real high-performance Mustang's coffin." Exact production is unknown, but many experts estimate 500 -- not exactly a barn burner.
Another telling sign of the times appeared in May with a so-called "351 CJ" option. This was basically the HO V-8 with hydraulic instead of mechanical lifters, plus compression drastically lowered to 8.6:1 for knock-free running on the low-lead and unleaded gasoline then coming on the scene -- another response to government emissions standards. Even so, horsepower checked in at a respectable 280, channeled to a mandatory 3.50:1 rear axle through automatic or four-speed transmission. The competition suspension was a mandatory option.
In retrospect, the '71 Mustang probably deserved the bad press it got, but that's only because buyers had moved on in ways that no one could have predicted in 1968. Ford showed far better timing with its compact Maverick, which rang up close to 579,000 sales in a long debut model year and nearly 272,000 more for sophomore '71.
Mustang, meantime, again suffered right along with its peers, model-year sales dropping nearly 21.5 percent from 1970 to 149,678 units. Hardtops plunged to around 83,000, the convertible sank to a bit over 6000, and fastbacks did about 60,000, of which Mach 1 accounted for a healthy 36,500. At least Ford could still truthfully advertise Mustang as the most popular car of its type, as the archrival Chevy Camaro finished a distant second with 114,630 model-year sales, though admittedly with just coupes.
But Ford had little choice but to keep plugging away on the newly redesigned model.
by the Auto Editors of Consumer Guide
Consumer Guide
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